tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7633968837853891652024-03-05T11:50:44.296-08:00GCE O-Level PhysicsSg Student resourceshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07260811672784201919noreply@blogger.comBlogger9125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-763396883785389165.post-68071325030155325612009-01-22T18:17:00.000-08:002009-01-22T18:19:24.885-08:00Electrostatics Notes<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgu5D_klYrSFO11bFCuf1I6O9KKGdJ7YjYL3VWsqQdg_1jqDzD0p_Yk13FbCFW9CWPViSR37KiH2uszzXLrSmICkEmNhgs71xKsR7QCirCjkqjq_uv1M5hADg5tA_WrvB364jJuWjSkR_Un/s1600-h/elctrostatics_0002.jpg"><img style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 226px; height: 320px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgu5D_klYrSFO11bFCuf1I6O9KKGdJ7YjYL3VWsqQdg_1jqDzD0p_Yk13FbCFW9CWPViSR37KiH2uszzXLrSmICkEmNhgs71xKsR7QCirCjkqjq_uv1M5hADg5tA_WrvB364jJuWjSkR_Un/s320/elctrostatics_0002.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5294308058432748306" /></a><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh30vD24DXJ1FS_DODOakWLE40mrBusHE8xFgLYkDleA099FeQpWuEe5nmec1cIb5-HE4IEmKmZB2OkzEDtv9Orsjc0jFMzt2StmCTPGpJvZAKBKMawUPzEQll2jW4gWqk7KtuH8JTI34rX/s1600-h/elctrostatics_0001.jpg"><img style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 226px; height: 320px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh30vD24DXJ1FS_DODOakWLE40mrBusHE8xFgLYkDleA099FeQpWuEe5nmec1cIb5-HE4IEmKmZB2OkzEDtv9Orsjc0jFMzt2StmCTPGpJvZAKBKMawUPzEQll2jW4gWqk7KtuH8JTI34rX/s320/elctrostatics_0001.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5294308047114109074" /></a>Sg Student resourceshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07260811672784201919noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-763396883785389165.post-86850902181742445592009-01-21T21:27:00.000-08:002009-01-21T21:33:18.616-08:00Current electricity<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbzwatPUR7x24iowW2MFApmz2Xm_zrw4uogvUlihjr9qwU0uQTZySaz-Gd-gBDFNQz0aLT8C4J_MslGMkHTWoqoIVidSx9xiP5-m0dtdoVTfZR8a3xhw1k1_tXPy8mcqFy8D82QpNl3Zsx/s1600-h/Current_electruicty_files_0002.jpg"><img style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 226px; height: 320px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbzwatPUR7x24iowW2MFApmz2Xm_zrw4uogvUlihjr9qwU0uQTZySaz-Gd-gBDFNQz0aLT8C4J_MslGMkHTWoqoIVidSx9xiP5-m0dtdoVTfZR8a3xhw1k1_tXPy8mcqFy8D82QpNl3Zsx/s320/Current_electruicty_files_0002.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5293985808115114866" /></a><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnR0zgd3LsNaldzW-M2ZxDVz53zEv8pe0nBcYzd-_IEtqyl5ta7hJVHylVakh83ZtOiiy12lzllNqNE1dGji1iCLOLSXFCH-B7wBXTNnbLfOEnYIN-S196b70jnnVDompQxVwV1tR8ywkF/s1600-h/Current_electruicty_files_0001.jpg"><img style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 226px; height: 320px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnR0zgd3LsNaldzW-M2ZxDVz53zEv8pe0nBcYzd-_IEtqyl5ta7hJVHylVakh83ZtOiiy12lzllNqNE1dGji1iCLOLSXFCH-B7wBXTNnbLfOEnYIN-S196b70jnnVDompQxVwV1tR8ywkF/s320/Current_electruicty_files_0001.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5293985803752823922" /></a>Sg Student resourceshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07260811672784201919noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-763396883785389165.post-82918178831443539732009-01-20T18:45:00.000-08:002009-01-20T18:47:52.244-08:00Cambridge Phy 2007 Report<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIOdHC6WJ6OpMBSGgQdMMuIsD-S8SiAK3JW1ReE4TeAP5MGMFDegaBCfS8IkkJ9Rz_8PezdavEZ9T1i5GncN68sfINtGvGHKt1HMj-y9JZHvDgElNVputefi0KEu0P_cJH-FHTiatRPNFX/s1600-h/Cambridge+2007+Phy+report_0003.jpg"><img style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 226px; height: 320px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIOdHC6WJ6OpMBSGgQdMMuIsD-S8SiAK3JW1ReE4TeAP5MGMFDegaBCfS8IkkJ9Rz_8PezdavEZ9T1i5GncN68sfINtGvGHKt1HMj-y9JZHvDgElNVputefi0KEu0P_cJH-FHTiatRPNFX/s320/Cambridge+2007+Phy+report_0003.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5293573163070807250" /></a><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdl870avlluA_P7rgBZLL8okkqzDXWo-EJzuOcXivDKQi3sOcC35IDjfrFI3sjoDDFKkWzMxs-0uESmNknddd5GQhssLgGHaW70HeAtsUHqAaq6vuE8x9JIoBJEzGoc8WaS4_k246AsLms/s1600-h/Cambridge+2007+Phy+report_0002.jpg"><img style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 226px; height: 320px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdl870avlluA_P7rgBZLL8okkqzDXWo-EJzuOcXivDKQi3sOcC35IDjfrFI3sjoDDFKkWzMxs-0uESmNknddd5GQhssLgGHaW70HeAtsUHqAaq6vuE8x9JIoBJEzGoc8WaS4_k246AsLms/s320/Cambridge+2007+Phy+report_0002.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5293573157112527010" /></a><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjys7B0RuSoliJxbaowYwDrWPPg9Dot68fDb79rCC07z6rnmufbWNL-JJ-xhnIbXGl9ieW9u9Zzr-ggF277FCQgl7PoZRAMwGJiHZo0DvXEK2lYUD6X2RwwN-mEmeDEustKtYbn2ErqGNzx/s1600-h/Cambridge+2007+Phy+report_0001.jpg"><img style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 226px; height: 320px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjys7B0RuSoliJxbaowYwDrWPPg9Dot68fDb79rCC07z6rnmufbWNL-JJ-xhnIbXGl9ieW9u9Zzr-ggF277FCQgl7PoZRAMwGJiHZo0DvXEK2lYUD6X2RwwN-mEmeDEustKtYbn2ErqGNzx/s320/Cambridge+2007+Phy+report_0001.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5293573152125234258" /></a>Sg Student resourceshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07260811672784201919noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-763396883785389165.post-9861358097171767032009-01-20T18:30:00.000-08:002009-01-20T18:33:12.730-08:00Phy Forumula list<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVIkznuEhTefvK5ljyEwuuEMLg5VVrLyN7Jhx_yO83lNWv0pPpn0DnFTNEEw3U1wXsYLiRL0r3XBBY9OAi997KgtlQr1krvuRfYYSu4W7ROTP7JlfuFCZd7EppEOuCkdkel3mSbizrhSnt/s1600-h/Phy_forumla_list_0003.jpg"><img style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 226px; height: 320px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVIkznuEhTefvK5ljyEwuuEMLg5VVrLyN7Jhx_yO83lNWv0pPpn0DnFTNEEw3U1wXsYLiRL0r3XBBY9OAi997KgtlQr1krvuRfYYSu4W7ROTP7JlfuFCZd7EppEOuCkdkel3mSbizrhSnt/s320/Phy_forumla_list_0003.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5293569216638169506" /></a><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5-tzjTH0gbODwtWGLnWcifvT81hGYz91pMHsmtCpxN5gHS3H4Jl4km7S1pzEMgMjgq4axVSNuXMeVKsARgQ8HwdLRjGM7QHZErf-u5E42_xkccj37cxs6DrFAJ4nI0Bs_RgujB2j8sI8v/s1600-h/Phy_forumla_list_0002.jpg"><img style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 226px; height: 320px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5-tzjTH0gbODwtWGLnWcifvT81hGYz91pMHsmtCpxN5gHS3H4Jl4km7S1pzEMgMjgq4axVSNuXMeVKsARgQ8HwdLRjGM7QHZErf-u5E42_xkccj37cxs6DrFAJ4nI0Bs_RgujB2j8sI8v/s320/Phy_forumla_list_0002.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5293569210451557954" /></a><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0ysF8bGNHGlR33qYDocpmXfymEKTP9wg_v3HZkye0JHyHV4CbXB25Rsll3rI2Zr9luNPz0SJ51OgqmfRtLnTvaeJGWqIy8I2p4L8kVGlFrJVv4IUZYW9GZdZ4ZvP0-ppEm9vgzzZfXUrE/s1600-h/Phy_forumla_list_0001.jpg"><img style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 226px; height: 320px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0ysF8bGNHGlR33qYDocpmXfymEKTP9wg_v3HZkye0JHyHV4CbXB25Rsll3rI2Zr9luNPz0SJ51OgqmfRtLnTvaeJGWqIy8I2p4L8kVGlFrJVv4IUZYW9GZdZ4ZvP0-ppEm9vgzzZfXUrE/s320/Phy_forumla_list_0001.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5293569207791195538" /></a>Sg Student resourceshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07260811672784201919noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-763396883785389165.post-83208863750133290362009-01-20T18:26:00.000-08:002009-01-20T18:29:43.463-08:00Physics Definition List<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuMo852c8dIp8bbC1oLZsq2kcpyGQhZGx4qhTNra5QDmDEfxtqZPLO5DPZ6dMQ15TQqrjFoQLwhtpgz91vYyFlfJgqhSC8yOnGjG1DUUTGs6fO7Cdwngc1Q70nowFV_oDsZH5VT8c1-OIF/s1600-h/Phy_dofinetion_0005.jpg"><img style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 226px; height: 320px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuMo852c8dIp8bbC1oLZsq2kcpyGQhZGx4qhTNra5QDmDEfxtqZPLO5DPZ6dMQ15TQqrjFoQLwhtpgz91vYyFlfJgqhSC8yOnGjG1DUUTGs6fO7Cdwngc1Q70nowFV_oDsZH5VT8c1-OIF/s320/Phy_dofinetion_0005.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5293568470156998178" /></a><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNBib0grtfPpI0mLwoFm6xqLrMYCV-n8Zdg59bPbfJU4nj_UWSTJ3kH1C97dl6ZuaR19WiJMosb9YTTXkOFTmki0fuwYYW_JBP8u-CpiooouyTAobjoYdypxy3RJrYKb0cDPjc0UziAbFz/s1600-h/Phy_dofinetion_0004.jpg"><img style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 226px; height: 320px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNBib0grtfPpI0mLwoFm6xqLrMYCV-n8Zdg59bPbfJU4nj_UWSTJ3kH1C97dl6ZuaR19WiJMosb9YTTXkOFTmki0fuwYYW_JBP8u-CpiooouyTAobjoYdypxy3RJrYKb0cDPjc0UziAbFz/s320/Phy_dofinetion_0004.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5293568468180451106" /></a><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgrb1VDkVS8mS0xk3hji-jC4eEkn-0Atr0AgSIMKTyg-5qHg-l-VSZpiIUIg5_juvSqtkaTblXq_XZHbGXhXQJoXodSGkqFX_x5Hs0EY71xobyBo3p2wpeY5oSzdwMyoniXPTk_DRjgr1y/s1600-h/Phy_dofinetion_0003.jpg"><img style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 226px; height: 320px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgrb1VDkVS8mS0xk3hji-jC4eEkn-0Atr0AgSIMKTyg-5qHg-l-VSZpiIUIg5_juvSqtkaTblXq_XZHbGXhXQJoXodSGkqFX_x5Hs0EY71xobyBo3p2wpeY5oSzdwMyoniXPTk_DRjgr1y/s320/Phy_dofinetion_0003.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5293568466584689346" /></a><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhynpyhvrsQLaPtu_rne-FoqBnx5tt5bDN2pAOdXAumZdNXaBqQjepKm0Oq-Cc31chOqnPG4p2g20nOOASDMGw1PGi0VK3SBW4WVtHrlNGsuObEkI-fsmP1z4k4sAUiKK8JiBlAunIBRe94/s1600-h/Phy_dofinetion_0002.jpg"><img style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 244px; height: 320px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhynpyhvrsQLaPtu_rne-FoqBnx5tt5bDN2pAOdXAumZdNXaBqQjepKm0Oq-Cc31chOqnPG4p2g20nOOASDMGw1PGi0VK3SBW4WVtHrlNGsuObEkI-fsmP1z4k4sAUiKK8JiBlAunIBRe94/s320/Phy_dofinetion_0002.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5293568464571822754" /></a><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifPjeN43W8prhyphenhyphen9nY5GbknbX_1QhoCAFGNHvUaB2jwUd4Z9e3vOZwq8SYCiY70AEpevG0cTxEmbBgQC2jX3YZGZC3Fg8biKzzW1aIDbjYrA0yNduZHzr3_p2i-MZHFrBbJslcfSHuHciGd/s1600-h/Phy_dofinetion_0001.jpg"><img style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 226px; height: 320px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifPjeN43W8prhyphenhyphen9nY5GbknbX_1QhoCAFGNHvUaB2jwUd4Z9e3vOZwq8SYCiY70AEpevG0cTxEmbBgQC2jX3YZGZC3Fg8biKzzW1aIDbjYrA0yNduZHzr3_p2i-MZHFrBbJslcfSHuHciGd/s320/Phy_dofinetion_0001.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5293568457535150658" /></a>Sg Student resourceshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07260811672784201919noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-763396883785389165.post-54144503132397876122009-01-20T16:55:00.001-08:002009-01-20T18:24:23.237-08:00Physics SPA Skill 3 PLANNING OUTLINE<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;"><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; white-space: pre; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-large;">Physics SPA Skill 3 PLANNING OUTLINE</span></span><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div>1.) Producing</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;"> a logical plan</span><br /><br />a) Defining the problem<br /><br />Involves identifying two measurable quantities that are related to each other and suggesting a clear statement of the task to be undertaken.<br /><br />Example 1: How does the temperature of a squash ball affect its bounce?<br />The bounce of the squash could be associated with the height of rebound of the ball(measurable quantity)<br /><br />A suitable statement of task can be: The two Measurable quantities,<br /><br />Example 2:<br /><br />You are to design an experiment to see if elastic bands are suitable to be used as a simple spring balance,<br /><br />This task would be more clearly defined if we investigate how the extension of the elastic band is changed by the weight attached to it. If there is a direct proportionality between extension and weight, we can calibrate the elastic band to measure forces. hence, a simple spring balance.<br /><br />A suitable statement of task can be<br />To investigate the relationship how much the elastic band is affected by the number of weights,<br /><br />b) Identify Independent and Dependant variables<br /><br />Example: The number of weights is the independent variable (x-axis)<br />The extension of the elastic band is the dependent variable. (y-axis)<br /><br />c) Identifying Constant Variables<br /><br />In practice, there are many independent variables that will affect a chosen dependent variable. To obtain a reliable insight into the relationship between two physical quantities, it is very important to identify these independent variables constant throughout the experiment.<div><br /></div><div><table class="MsoTableGrid" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="border-collapse:collapse;border:none;mso-border-alt:solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor:text1;mso-yfti-tbllook:1184;mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <tbody><tr style="mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-firstrow:yes"> <td width="308" valign="top" style="width:231.05pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-themecolor:text1;mso-border-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-themecolor: text1;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal">Constant Variables<o:p></o:p></b></p> </td> <td width="308" valign="top" style="width:231.05pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-themecolor:text1;border-left:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor:text1;mso-border-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-themecolor: text1;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal">How to keep these variables constant<o:p></o:p></b></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow:1"> <td width="308" valign="top" style="width:231.05pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-themecolor:text1;border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor:text1;mso-border-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-themecolor: text1;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal">......... of ball<o:p></o:p></p> </td> <td width="308" valign="top" style="width:231.05pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-themecolor:text1; border-right:solid black 1.0pt;mso-border-right-themecolor:text1;mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt;mso-border-top-themecolor:text1;mso-border-left-alt:solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor:text1;mso-border-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-themecolor: text1;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal">Use the same ball throughout the experiment<o:p></o:p></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow:2"> <td width="308" valign="top" style="width:231.05pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-themecolor:text1;border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor:text1;mso-border-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-themecolor: text1;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal">......... of material<o:p></o:p></p> </td> <td width="308" valign="top" style="width:231.05pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-themecolor:text1; border-right:solid black 1.0pt;mso-border-right-themecolor:text1;mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt;mso-border-top-themecolor:text1;mso-border-left-alt:solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor:text1;mso-border-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-themecolor: text1;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal">Use the same ball throughout the experiment<o:p></o:p></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow:3"> <td width="308" valign="top" style="width:231.05pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-themecolor:text1;border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor:text1;mso-border-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-themecolor: text1;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal">.......... of impact<o:p></o:p></p> </td> <td width="308" valign="top" style="width:231.05pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-themecolor:text1; border-right:solid black 1.0pt;mso-border-right-themecolor:text1;mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt;mso-border-top-themecolor:text1;mso-border-left-alt:solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor:text1;mso-border-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-themecolor: text1;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal">Ensure ball falls vertically<o:p></o:p></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow:4;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes"> <td width="308" valign="top" style="width:231.05pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-themecolor:text1;border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor:text1;mso-border-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-themecolor: text1;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal">...... at which ball is released<o:p></o:p></p> </td> <td width="308" valign="top" style="width:231.05pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-themecolor:text1; border-right:solid black 1.0pt;mso-border-right-themecolor:text1;mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt;mso-border-top-themecolor:text1;mso-border-left-alt:solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor:text1;mso-border-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-themecolor: text1;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal">Ensure ball is released at the same height for all readings.<o:p></o:p></p> </td> </tr></tbody></table><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>d) Choose Appropriate Procedures</div><div><ol><li>Draw a labelled diagram of the experimental set-up</li><li>List the apparatus needed of the investigation. Where appropriate, give a brief description of the features of the apparatus and its mode of operation.</li><li>The experimental procedure should be step-by-step, logical and clear. It should be capable of meeting the goals expressed in the statement of task.</li><li>A table of results with proper headings/units should be presented.</li><li>Plot a graph to display the relationship between the dependent variable (plotted on y-axis) and the independent variable (plotted on x-axis)</li><li>Several statements of precaution should be written. It should be able to answer two important questions, namely<br /><br />WHAT YOU HAVE DONE?<br />WHY DID YOU DO IT?<br /><br />Precautions can fall into two categories:<br /> <br />i) Precautions to ensure safety of experimenter and those around him/her.<br />For example:<br /><br />Place a heavy weight on the retort stand to prevent it from toppling and hitting someone.<br />ii) Precautions to ensure reliability of results.<br />For example:<br /><br />Stir hot water continuously in order to obtain uniformity of temperature.<br /><br />----------------------------------------------------------------------------</li></ol><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;">2.) Evaluating procedures and modifying plans</span></div><div><br /></div><div>a) Evaluate the Plan and procedures</div><div><br /></div><div>Discuss the degree to which your experiment could yield results that are reliable and accurate. Consider the following questions:</div><div><br /></div><div>is there a need to simply procedures so that measurements can be reproduced with by another person?</div><div><br /></div><div>Are the measuring instruments chosen appropriate?</div><div><br /></div><div>Does the experiment produce results with a constant trend?</div><div><br /></div><div>Are repeated measurements close to each other or differ widely?</div><div><br /></div><div>How much scattering are there in the plotted graph?</div><div><br /></div><div>Are the constants obtained from gradient and intercepts consistent with known accepted values?</div><div><br /></div><div>b) Modifications and Improvements</div><div><br /></div><div>eg1: Visual estimation of the rebound height could be replaced by the use of data loggers(such as motion sensor)</div><div><br /></div><div>Increase the range of readings (eg. 50.0-90.0 cm to 20.0-90.0 cm)</div><div><br /></div><div>Increase the number of readings within a certain range. This is necessary if your graph is a curve and more values are required around the turning point.</div><div><br /></div><div>Modifying techniques in order to make the experiment as precise and reproducible as possible.</div><div><br /></div><div>Modify techniques to avoid sources of error</div><div><br /></div><div>Modify techniques to reduce random error. </div></div>Sg Student resourceshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07260811672784201919noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-763396883785389165.post-66086578137663885222009-01-18T19:13:00.001-08:002009-01-18T19:19:00.065-08:00GCE O Level Physics Common MisconceptionsPhysics Misconceptions:<br /><br />SCREENSHOTS:<br /><br /><br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7H7lZaO5g91BsNSU9NAR-WkcSswlOd46ACvVsjzxLlXCFzMuYnGAHESjSFHgAYAOHHHdmgQCUFtEdPyL2mbv7tLx_721jH-E0jxh_acGW-Wi9d89rcfl5nWIaC3BuOri3ST44nMvc0c-Z/s1600-h/physics+Misconceptions_0002.jpg"><img style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 226px; height: 320px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7H7lZaO5g91BsNSU9NAR-WkcSswlOd46ACvVsjzxLlXCFzMuYnGAHESjSFHgAYAOHHHdmgQCUFtEdPyL2mbv7tLx_721jH-E0jxh_acGW-Wi9d89rcfl5nWIaC3BuOri3ST44nMvc0c-Z/s320/physics+Misconceptions_0002.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5292837959322881602" /></a><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3qRwu4Ir1BXM9TYEZNrpBQT7xqVqWWDa2QeB4UvPODUaMd8DdHwFvKMuME4EQgDkApFzr6duXLWYSsmOi_QvLdGWSCbkTrRyLBKoWXKOtUytjpxYuJCxyAARKvi8CJFKQjaZ6MWMR1EwJ/s1600-h/physics+Misconceptions_0001.jpg"><img style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 226px; height: 320px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3qRwu4Ir1BXM9TYEZNrpBQT7xqVqWWDa2QeB4UvPODUaMd8DdHwFvKMuME4EQgDkApFzr6duXLWYSsmOi_QvLdGWSCbkTrRyLBKoWXKOtUytjpxYuJCxyAARKvi8CJFKQjaZ6MWMR1EwJ/s320/physics+Misconceptions_0001.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5292837953714738770" /></a><br /><br />DOWNLOAD:<br /><br />http://www.mediafire.com/?zngmzrzuzzmSg Student resourceshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07260811672784201919noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-763396883785389165.post-67139029659329631662008-12-31T06:48:00.000-08:002008-12-31T06:59:03.881-08:00Electrictiy- Potential Divider<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0cS1zpIAVpMCA8sbkX9tJ_e1Y9is6WRx95uoi7zeSm2rnTNYXMIMmXmVBoPjxOyYagRaPDxcGyGSzvTFltKulJlg2Bn5SWZOF5nIxd9q0ZLXbz_xAflB3fAc0TTvkSrQvhyZG8Iexd1oJ/s1600-h/IMG_6993.JPG"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 240px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0cS1zpIAVpMCA8sbkX9tJ_e1Y9is6WRx95uoi7zeSm2rnTNYXMIMmXmVBoPjxOyYagRaPDxcGyGSzvTFltKulJlg2Bn5SWZOF5nIxd9q0ZLXbz_xAflB3fAc0TTvkSrQvhyZG8Iexd1oJ/s320/IMG_6993.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5285968672192880994" border="0" /></a><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjG5V6VYvgBkXOE7mV93GOodrFCIoSvOvoP4NTNPm8rxACBkkGbhByR_2E87WNFI3yHPrzaWDdBk018cMZ_PFtF0rbXuD8BTqrwekGF8PpQkftYggiOuj1DM7ARWXLl0yDO0hbl1dSSO_Dq/s1600-h/IMG_6992.JPG"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 240px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjG5V6VYvgBkXOE7mV93GOodrFCIoSvOvoP4NTNPm8rxACBkkGbhByR_2E87WNFI3yHPrzaWDdBk018cMZ_PFtF0rbXuD8BTqrwekGF8PpQkftYggiOuj1DM7ARWXLl0yDO0hbl1dSSO_Dq/s320/IMG_6992.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5285968668271254882" border="0" /></a>Sg Student resourceshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07260811672784201919noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-763396883785389165.post-51583859739815192962008-12-31T00:10:00.000-08:002008-12-31T04:39:52.879-08:00principles of thermometry<span style="font-weight: bold;">What is temperature ?</span><br /><br />A measure of the degree of hotness of a body.<br />is measured using a thermometer<br /><br />The choice of thermometer depends on<br />range of temperatures to be measured<br />accuracy required<br />physical conditions of the matter concerned<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">What must all thermometers have?</span><br /><br />A physical property that changes with temperature.<br /><br />Examples of thermometric properties can be……..<br /><br />expansion of a column of liquid in a capillary tube<br />the electrical resistance of a platinum wire<br />the voltage of a thermocouple<br />the expansion of a bimetallic strip<br />the pressure of a gas at constant volume<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">What makes an ideal thermometer ?</span><br />an easy-to-read scale<br />safe to use<br />sensitive to temperature changes<br />ability to measure a wide range of temperatures<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">What does calibrating a thermometer mean?</span><br /><br />Putting a standard scale on a thermometer,<br />To do this, two fixed points to be marked are first chosen.<br />for the purpose of standardisation<br />always the same under given conditions<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">How to get the Celsius scale?</span><br /><br />The two fixed points for the celsius scale are:<br /><br /><style> <!--tr {mso-height-source:auto;} col {mso-width-source:auto;} td {padding-top:1.0px; 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border-bottom:1.0pt solid #FFFFCC; border-left:2.25pt solid #FFFFCC; background:#CC9900; mso-pattern:auto none; text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; padding-bottom:3.6pt; padding-left:7.2pt; padding-top:3.6pt; padding-right:7.2pt;} .oa4 {border-top:1.0pt solid #FFFFCC; border-right:2.25pt solid #FFFFCC; border-bottom:1.0pt solid #FFFFCC; border-left:1.0pt solid #FFFFCC; background:#CC9900; mso-pattern:auto none; text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; padding-bottom:3.6pt; padding-left:7.2pt; padding-top:3.6pt; padding-right:7.2pt;} .oa5 {border-top:1.0pt solid #FFFFCC; border-right:1.0pt solid #FFFFCC; border-bottom:2.25pt solid #FFFFCC; border-left:2.25pt solid #FFFFCC; background:#CC9900; mso-pattern:auto none; text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; padding-bottom:3.6pt; padding-left:7.2pt; padding-top:3.6pt; padding-right:7.2pt;} .oa6 {border-top:1.0pt solid #FFFFCC; border-right:2.25pt solid #FFFFCC; border-bottom:2.25pt solid #FFFFCC; border-left:1.0pt solid #FFFFCC; background:#CC9900; mso-pattern:auto none; text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; padding-bottom:3.6pt; padding-left:7.2pt; padding-top:3.6pt; padding-right:7.2pt;} --> </style> <table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 533pt;" width="711" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <col style="width: 266pt;" width="355"> <col style="width: 267pt;" width="356"> <tbody><tr style="height: 39.88pt;" height="53"> <td class="oa1" style="height: 39.88pt; width: 266pt;" width="355" height="53"> <p style="margin: 3.84pt 0in 0pt; line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in; text-align: center; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-variant: normal; text-transform: none; font-weight: bold; font-style: normal; vertical-align: baseline;font-family:Verdana;font-size:16;color:white;" >Ice Point</span></p> </td> <td class="oa2" style="width: 267pt;" width="356"> <p style="margin: 3.84pt 0in 0pt; line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in; text-align: center; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-variant: normal; text-transform: none; font-weight: bold; font-style: normal; vertical-align: baseline;font-family:Verdana;font-size:16;color:white;" >Steam Point</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 29.13pt;" height="39"> <td class="oa3" style="height: 29.13pt; width: 266pt;" width="355" height="39"> <p style="margin: 8.4pt 0in 0pt 0.42in; line-height: normal; text-indent: -0.42in; text-align: center; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-variant: normal; text-transform: none; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; vertical-align: baseline;font-family:Verdana;font-size:14;color:black;" >Temperature of pure melting ice at standard atmospheric pressure</span></p> </td> <td class="oa4" style="width: 267pt;" width="356"> <p style="margin: 8.4pt 0in 0pt 0.42in; line-height: normal; text-indent: -0.42in; text-align: center; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-variant: normal; text-transform: none; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; vertical-align: baseline;font-family:Verdana;font-size:14;color:black;" >Temperature at which boiling water changes into steam at standard atmospheric pressure</span><span style="font-variant: normal; text-transform: none; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; vertical-align: baseline;font-family:Verdana;font-size:14;color:black;" > </span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 29.25pt;" height="39"> <td class="oa5" style="height: 29.25pt; width: 266pt;" width="355" height="39"> <p style="margin: 8.4pt 0in 0pt 0.42in; line-height: normal; text-indent: -0.42in; text-align: center; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-variant: normal; text-transform: none; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; vertical-align: baseline;font-family:Verdana;font-size:14;color:black;" >Assigned value of 0</span><span style="font-variant: normal; text-transform: none; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; vertical-align: baseline;font-family:Symbol;font-size:14;color:black;" >°</span><span style="font-variant: normal; text-transform: none; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; vertical-align: baseline;font-family:Verdana;font-size:14;color:black;" >C</span></p> </td> <td class="oa6" style="width: 267pt;" width="356"> <p style="margin: 3.36pt 0in 0pt 0.42in; line-height: normal; text-indent: -0.42in; text-align: center; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-variant: normal; text-transform: none; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; vertical-align: baseline;font-family:Verdana;font-size:14;color:black;" >Assigned value of 100</span><span style="font-variant: normal; text-transform: none; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; vertical-align: baseline;font-family:Symbol;font-size:14;color:black;" >°</span><span style="font-variant: normal; text-transform: none; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; vertical-align: baseline;font-family:Verdana;font-size:14;color:black;" >C</span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody></table><br /><br /><br />Next, the interval between the fixed points is divided into 100 equal divisions for easy reading.<br />Each reading is 1 degree Celsius (°C)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">the Celsius scale</span><br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFNAnTIINSaF-Fnclxc_wekUGpyjxVO0Q3GbqNMonmu6oPLmrtFjZ616jGfbLgE2a-M4vGU8awtGrwd-WkwVStiwHsM99kk-Qw3I8hLtYXsk9tZDMGhzz_fyhFfODNZXVh369m2-CRuAXw/s1600-h/thermometer13.jpg"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 189px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFNAnTIINSaF-Fnclxc_wekUGpyjxVO0Q3GbqNMonmu6oPLmrtFjZ616jGfbLgE2a-M4vGU8awtGrwd-WkwVStiwHsM99kk-Qw3I8hLtYXsk9tZDMGhzz_fyhFfODNZXVh369m2-CRuAXw/s320/thermometer13.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5285874601937193026" border="0" /></a><br /><br />Note height of mercury in the tube at the ice point and the steam point<br />For any height x of the mercury, the corresponding Celsius temperature is given by<br /><br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbKdqAGgsZE1msaIAghe0StNqQTepLhN-g-KIRmC4PhwMYcc0WKi-FmZmV-Hvk8GclBhBe86iP1J76VTncFGYLbRxpU2gC2iybH00qhHR60QDl-Keo5dg1G6Src-oKkIReR0pqhmbNFHbE/s1600-h/thermometer11.jpg"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 202px; height: 99px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbKdqAGgsZE1msaIAghe0StNqQTepLhN-g-KIRmC4PhwMYcc0WKi-FmZmV-Hvk8GclBhBe86iP1J76VTncFGYLbRxpU2gC2iybH00qhHR60QDl-Keo5dg1G6Src-oKkIReR0pqhmbNFHbE/s320/thermometer11.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5285875487113875570" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZA1Pp89eDr2zXxf2UNvXC5du7Lqg6hb6A8x3hd-XzO6AHeCogutYM1QvJz_-QijENb52ajt4-9pmmOys4QqlNzbXrVAxFo1NRBTUPRe1Fs82oeggxqGzZGSjhZurkbMsEqtN1yFZqeQ4G/s1600-h/thermometer12.jpg"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 238px; height: 320px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZA1Pp89eDr2zXxf2UNvXC5du7Lqg6hb6A8x3hd-XzO6AHeCogutYM1QvJz_-QijENb52ajt4-9pmmOys4QqlNzbXrVAxFo1NRBTUPRe1Fs82oeggxqGzZGSjhZurkbMsEqtN1yFZqeQ4G/s320/thermometer12.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5285875294651121314" border="0" /></a><br /><br />the Kelvin or absolute scale<br /><br />The Kelvin scale has its zero at absolute zero<br />This is the lowest temperature that any substance can reach.<br /><br />has a SI unit of kelvin (K)<br />absolute zero corresponds with –273°C on the Celsius scale<br /><br />T (kelvin) = (celsius) + 273<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">thermocouples</span><br /><br />consists of two wires of different metals joined together at the end to form two junctions<br />if the junctions are at different temperatures, a voltage is produced<br /><br />the larger the temperature difference, the larger the voltage produced<br />suitable for measuring wide temperature differences, which vary rapidly due to its quick response and the temperature at a point as the wire junctions are very small<br /><br />the temperature range depend on the two metals used for the wires<br />can operate over a very wide range of temperatures from –200°C to 1700°C<br /><br />to produce a larger voltage, several thermocouples are connected in series (thermopiles) to increase the sensitiviy of the instrument<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgASE_vC-SpI_Kb4f6aMSdMY9CA45L9e9C0bJyAGV-6yirxfIbY1KZJRQ6xNX3_X6AnXU1h0vKowtmbufeFQ-V4DuQc99Gq2UDdulZ0dYgW9sStV-jy2uaaCdhQHVM7NThyijNV0f6OExQ0/s1600-h/thermometer19.jpg"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 207px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgASE_vC-SpI_Kb4f6aMSdMY9CA45L9e9C0bJyAGV-6yirxfIbY1KZJRQ6xNX3_X6AnXU1h0vKowtmbufeFQ-V4DuQc99Gq2UDdulZ0dYgW9sStV-jy2uaaCdhQHVM7NThyijNV0f6OExQ0/s320/thermometer19.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5285932782661914690" border="0" /></a>Sg Student resourceshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07260811672784201919noreply@blogger.com1